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DNA Test

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  DNA Test  1. Objective To detect and analyze DNA from a biological sample for identification, genetic testing, or disease diagnosis. 2. Principle DNA is extracted from cells and analyzed using molecular techniques such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) . Specific DNA regions are amplified and examined to identify genetic differences or matches. 3. Materials Patient/sample specimen Sterile swab or blood sample DNA extraction kit PCR tubes PCR reagents Primers Thermal cycler Agarose gel/electrophoresis system DNA marker Micropipette and tips 4. Procedure The biological sample was collected using a sterile technique. DNA was extracted from the sample. The extracted DNA was mixed with PCR reagents and specific primers. PCR amplification was performed in a thermal cycler. The amplified DNA was analyzed by gel electrophoresis or another molecular detection method. The DNA pattern/result was compared with the reference sample when required. 5. Result The DNA was successfully extr...
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Sperm Agglutination Test: Principle, Procedure, Types, Results and Clinical Significance

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The Sperm Agglutination Test is a laboratory examination used to detect whether sperm cells are abnormally sticking to one another in a semen sample. Sperm agglutination is an important finding in semen analysis because excessive attachment between sperm cells may interfere with normal sperm movement and, in some cases, may be associated with male infertility. Sperm cells normally move independently through the seminal fluid. When spermatozoa become attached to each other, they may form groups or clusters. This condition is known as sperm agglutination . What Is Sperm Agglutination? Sperm agglutination refers to the specific attachment of motile spermatozoa to each other . The attachment may occur between sperm heads, tails, or heads and tails. It is important to distinguish sperm agglutination from sperm aggregation . In true agglutination, spermatozoa are attached to one another. In aggregation, sperm may become trapped together with other cells, debris, mucus, or non-...
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

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  Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Introduction Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is a common blood test used to detect and monitor inflammation in the body. It measures how quickly red blood cells settle to the bottom of a vertical tube containing blood during a specific period, usually one hour. Normally, red blood cells settle relatively slowly. During inflammation, certain proteins in the blood increase and cause red blood cells to stick together. These groups of cells settle faster, resulting in an increased ESR. ESR is a simple, inexpensive, and widely available laboratory test. However, it is a nonspecific test , meaning that an increased ESR cannot identify one particular disease by itself. What is ESR? Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is the rate at which red blood cells settle in a vertical column of anticoagulated blood during a specified period. The result is usually expressed as millimeters per hour (mm/hour) . For example, an ESR result of 25 mm/hour ...
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Peripheral Blood Film (PBF): Complete Guide, Procedure, Uses, Results and Interpretation

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  Peripheral Blood Film (PBF): Complete Guide, Procedure, Uses, Results and Interpretation Introduction A Peripheral Blood Film (PBF) , also called a Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS) , is an important laboratory test used to examine blood cells under a microscope. It provides information about the number, size, shape, color, and appearance of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets . Although automated blood analyzers can provide a complete blood count (CBC), a blood film allows laboratory professionals to directly observe the cells. This makes PBF particularly useful when abnormal blood cells or unusual blood-count results need further investigation. PBF is commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of conditions such as anemia, infections, leukemia, malaria, platelet disorders, and other blood-related diseases . What is Peripheral Blood Film (PBF)? A Peripheral Blood Film is a thin layer of blood spread over a glass microscope slide, stained with a sui...
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