Urinalysis (Routine & Microscopy) test
🧪 1. Objective
The objective of this test was to evaluate the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine. It was used for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney disorders, metabolic conditions, and for routine health screening.
🧪 2. Principle
Urinalysis combined macroscopic (color, clarity), chemical (dipstick analysis), and microscopic examination of urine to identify pathological constituents such as protein, glucose, ketones, blood, crystals, and cells.
🧪 3. Materials
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Fresh midstream urine sample in a sterile container
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Urine dipstick (multistix reagent strip)
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Urine analyzer (optional)
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Centrifuge and urine test tubes
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Microscope with 10x and 40x objectives
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Glass slides and cover slips
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PPE (gloves, mask, lab coat)
🧪 4. Procedure
A. Physical Examination
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Color and clarity of urine were visually inspected (e.g., pale yellow, turbid).
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Specific gravity was measured using a refractometer or dipstick.
B. Chemical Examination (Dipstick Method)
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A reagent strip was dipped into well-mixed urine.
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After a standard time (30–60 seconds), color changes on the strip were matched to the chart.
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Parameters tested: pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte esterase, specific gravity.
C. Microscopic Examination
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10 mL of urine was centrifuged at 1500–2000 rpm for 5 minutes.
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Supernatant was discarded; sediment was resuspended.
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One drop of sediment was placed on a slide, covered with a coverslip.
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Microscopic examination was done under 10x and 40x.
🧪 5. Result (Example)
A. Physical:
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Color: Yellow
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Appearance: Slightly turbid
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Specific Gravity: 1.018
B. Chemical (Dipstick):
Parameter | Result | Normal Range |
---|---|---|
pH | 6.5 | 4.5–8.0 |
Protein | +1 | Negative |
Glucose | Negative | Negative |
Ketones | Negative | Negative |
Blood | +1 | Negative |
Nitrites | Positive | Negative |
Leukocyte esterase | +2 | Negative |
Element | Observation |
---|---|
Pus cells (WBCs) | 15–20 / HPF |
RBCs | 5–10 / HPF |
Epithelial cells | Occasional |
Bacteria | Many seen |
Casts | Nil |
Crystals | Nil |
🧪 6. Uses
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Diagnosed urinary tract infections
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Detected early signs of kidney disease or diabetes
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Screened for hematuria, proteinuria, or crystalluria
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Monitored chronic renal disorders or metabolic diseases
🧪 7. Conclusion
Routine urinalysis was a cost-effective, non-invasive, and highly informative diagnostic tool. The combination of dipstick and microscopic examination helped detect a wide range of urinary and systemic abnormalities.
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